Define 'maize cultivation'.
The growing of maize (corn) as a primary food source, leading to settled agriculture and social changes.
What does 'nomadic' mean in the context of Native American societies?
A lifestyle characterized by moving from place to place, usually in search of food or resources.
Define 'cliff dwellings'.
Structures built into the sides of cliffs, used for housing and defense, particularly by the Pueblo people.
What is a 'totem pole'?
A carved wooden pole featuring symbols of animals and other figures, used by tribes of the Northwest Coast to represent lineage and status.
Define 'irrigation'.
The artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops.
What is meant by 'adaptation' in the context of pre-Columbian societies?
The process by which Native American tribes adjusted their lifestyles and practices to suit their environments.
Define 'hunter-gatherer'.
A lifestyle where people obtain food by hunting wild animals and gathering wild plants.
What is a 'teepee'?
A cone-shaped tent traditionally made of animal skins and wooden poles, used by nomadic tribes of the Great Plains.
What does 'sedentary' mean?
Characterized by or requiring a continued sitting position; doing or requiring much sitting.
What is 'social diversification'?
The process by which a society develops a wider range of social roles, economic activities, and cultural expressions.
Who were the Pueblo people?
Native American tribes of the Southwest known for their cliff dwellings and advanced irrigation systems.
Who were the Sioux?
A nomadic tribe of the Great Plains, known for hunting bison and living in teepees.
Who were the Chinook?
A tribe of the Northwest Coast, known for their ocean-based communities and hunting of whales and salmon.
Who were the Apache?
A Native American tribe of the Southwest, known for their adaptation to the arid environment and maize cultivation.
Who were the Navajo?
A Native American tribe of the Southwest, known for their adaptation to the arid environment and maize cultivation.
Who were the Tlingit?
A tribe of the Northwest Coast, known for their ocean-based communities and hunting of whales and salmon.
Who were the Coos?
A tribe of the Northwest Coast, known for their ocean-based communities and hunting of whales and salmon.
Who were the Chumash?
A tribe of the Northwest Coast, known for their ocean-based communities and hunting of whales and salmon.
Who were the Shoshone?
A tribe of the Great Basin, known for their adaptation to the arid environment and hunting of rabbits, snakes, birds, nuts, and insects.
Who were the Cheyenne?
A nomadic tribe of the Great Plains, known for hunting bison and living in teepees.
What was the primary cause of nomadic lifestyles on the Great Plains?
Arid conditions and the abundance of bison led to mobile hunting practices.
What was the effect of maize cultivation in the Southwest?
Permanent settlements, irrigation systems, and social diversification.
What was the effect of ocean resources on Northwest Coast tribes?
Development of ocean-based communities focused on hunting whales and salmon.
What was the cause of cliff dwellings in the Southwest?
A need for housing and defense in the mountainous terrain.
What was the effect of a lack of trees in the Great Basin?
Cone-shaped huts built with wooden poles, covered with dried grasses and brush.
What was the effect of the abundance of forests in the Northeast?
Used forests to make tools, homes, fuel, and food.
What was the effect of the abundance of bison on the Great Plains?
Bison fur was used for clothing and dogs were used to carry supplies.
What was the effect of the abundance of salmon on the Plateau?
Salmon (fish) was the primary food source.
What was the effect of the abundance of tobacco, squash, melons, cabbage, peas, and corn on the Southeast?
A sedentary lifestyle and the development of reed and bark huts.
What was the effect of the abundance of deer on the Northeast?
Deer was the primary food source.
