A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Jamestown was founded under the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company.

The transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

A Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of particular groups of subject people.

The ability of a group to maintain its distinct culture without external interference.

Believing in only one god.

Land owned by an individual or entity, rather than communally.

Supreme power or authority; the right to govern oneself.

A formal agreement between two or more entities, often nations.

Significant changes to the environment caused by human or natural factors.

The process by which different cultures share ideas and ways of doing things.

Europeans believed in private property and individual ownership of land, while Native Americans had a more communal view of land and its resources.

European societies were generally more hierarchical with men holding more power than women, while Native American societies were often more egalitarian in terms of gender roles.

Europeans were largely Christian (monotheistic), while Native Americans had diverse spiritual beliefs, often involving animism and polytheism.

Europeans often viewed Native Americans as inferior and sought economic gain, while Native Americans initially engaged in trade on their own terms, seeking metal items for beaver skins.

Diplomacy involved negotiating treaties, often with limited success, while military action involved fighting to defend their lands, though these efforts were often ultimately unsuccessful.

Causes: Desire for land and resources, belief in private property. Effects: Loss of Native American sovereignty, military conflict, cultural disruption.

Causes: European exploration and colonization. Effects: Introduction of new crops and livestock, spread of diseases, demographic changes, and cultural exchange.

Causes: Desire for metal tools and firearms. Effects: Over-hunting, debt, loss of traditional skills, and increased vulnerability to European influence.

Causes: Spanish desire for labor in the Americas. Effects: Forced labor of Native Americans, exploitation, and population decline.

Causes: Moral and religious concerns, economic interests. Effects: Justifications for subjugation, attempts at conversion, and varying degrees of exploitation and protection.

Causes: European encroachment, military defeats, and unequal treaties. Effects: Disruption of political, economic, and religious autonomy.

Causes: Ecological changes, dependency on European goods. Effects: Over-hunting, debt, and a shift in the balance of power.

Causes: Desire to protect land, culture, and autonomy. Effects: Military conflicts, diplomatic negotiations, and varying degrees of success in preserving their way of life.