A laborer bound by contract to work for a specified period in exchange for passage to the colonies and other necessities.

A system where enslaved people are considered legal property (chattel) of the owner, with no rights or freedoms.

The forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.

A system of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving the exchange of goods and enslaved people.

Communities formed by escaped slaves in remote areas like swamps and mountains.

A set of laws established in 1661 that defined slaves as chattel property with no basic rights; influential in shaping slave laws in other colonies.

Open and direct acts of rebellion or defiance against slavery, such as revolts or escape attempts.

Subtle and indirect acts of defiance against slavery, such as sabotage or work slowdowns.

A system of slavery where race is the primary determinant of who is enslaved and who is free, often accompanied by discriminatory laws and practices.

An agricultural crop grown for sale to return a profit.

The first documented arrival of Africans in Virginia, many of whom were initially treated as indentured servants.

A revolt by poor white farmers in Virginia that led wealthy elites to seek a more controllable labor force, contributing to the shift to racialized slavery.

A significant slave revolt in South Carolina where slaves seized arms and killed 25 whites before being suppressed.

The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney, significantly increased cotton production, solidifying the South's dependence on slavery.

Slavery was legalized in Georgia in 1750, due to pressure from other southern colonies.

The horrific journey resulted in the deaths of approximately 20% of enslaved Africans due to disease, starvation, or suicide, and subjected survivors to brutal conditions.

To facilitate the exchange of manufactured goods from Europe, enslaved people from Africa, and raw materials from the Americas.

It established that slaves were chattel (property) with no basic rights and influenced slave laws in other colonies.

Europe provided manufactured goods (textiles, weapons, alcohol) to Africa in exchange for enslaved people.

Africa provided enslaved people to the Americas, enduring devastating losses of population and societal disruption.

Indentured servants worked for a fixed term and had some rights, while chattel slaves were considered property for life with no rights.

Slavery was less prevalent in the North due to smaller farms and more diversified economy, while the South relied heavily on enslaved labor for plantation agriculture.

Overt resistance involved direct acts of rebellion, while covert resistance included subtle acts of sabotage and non-compliance.

The South's economy was heavily dependent on slave labor for cash crops, while the North's economy was indirectly tied to slavery through banking and shipping.

African societies suffered immense population loss and disruption, while the Americas experienced economic growth and the development of a racial hierarchy.

Before the Barbados Code, the legal status of enslaved people was less clearly defined; after, they were explicitly defined as chattel property with no rights.

Tobacco initially drove the demand for labor in the Chesapeake, while cotton solidified the South's dependence on slavery after the invention of the cotton gin.

Short-term effects included brutal suppression and stricter slave codes, while long-term effects included inspiring future resistance and contributing to the abolitionist movement.

Racial justifications asserted the inferiority of Africans, while religious justifications claimed slavery was a means to Christianize them.

Enslaved people on small farms often had closer interactions with their owners, while those on large plantations faced more regimented labor and less personal contact.