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What were the causes and effects of the French and Indian War?
Causes: Competition over Ohio Valley. Effects: British victory, increased debt, end of salutary neglect, increased tensions with colonies.
What were the causes and effects of the Stamp Act?
Causes: British need to raise revenue. Effects: Colonial protests, 'no taxation without representation' cry, boycotts, Stamp Act Congress.
What were the causes and effects of the Boston Tea Party?
Causes: Protest against the Tea Act. Effects: Intolerable Acts, increased colonial unity, move towards revolution.
What were the causes and effects of Shay's Rebellion?
Causes: Economic hardship among farmers. Effects: Highlighted the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, led to calls for a stronger national government.
What were the causes and effects of the XYZ Affair?
Causes: French anger over Jay's Treaty. Effects: Quasi-War with France, increased anti-French sentiment in the US, Alien and Sedition Acts.
What were the causes and effects of the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Causes: Fear of foreign influence and criticism of the government. Effects: Limited free speech, increased political divisions, backlash against the Federalist Party.
What were the causes and effects of the American Revolution?
Causes: Taxation without representation, Enlightenment ideals, British policies. Effects: US independence, creation of a new republic, westward expansion.
What were the causes and effects of the Whiskey Rebellion?
Causes: Opposition to Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. Effects: Demonstrated the power of the federal government under the Constitution, solidified Federalist authority.
What were the causes and effects of the French Revolution?
Causes: Social and political inequality, Enlightenment ideals. Effects: Overthrow of the French monarchy, Reign of Terror, Napoleonic Wars, debates over US foreign policy.
What were the causes and effects of the Proclamation of 1763?
Causes: British desire to prevent conflict with Native Americans after the French and Indian War. Effects: Angered colonists who wanted to settle west, increased tensions with Britain.
What were the causes and effects of the Townshend Acts?
Causes: British need for revenue. Effects: Colonial boycotts, increased tensions, eventual repeal (except for the tea tax).
What were the causes and effects of the Tea Act?
Causes: British attempt to help the East India Company. Effects: Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts.
Who was Benjamin Franklin?
A Founding Father, inventor, and diplomat who proposed the Albany Plan and helped secure French support during the Revolution.
Who was George Washington?
Commander of the Continental Army and first President of the United States, providing crucial leadership during the Revolution and early republic.
Who was Thomas Paine?
Author of 'Common Sense,' which advocated for American independence and swayed public opinion.
Who was John Adams?
A Founding Father, second President, and leading advocate for independence, though his presidency was marked by controversy (Alien and Sedition Acts).
Who was Thomas Jefferson?
Author of the Declaration of Independence, third President, and advocate for states' rights and strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Who was Alexander Hamilton?
First Secretary of the Treasury, proponent of a strong central government, and architect of the national financial system.
Who was James Madison?
The 'Father of the Constitution,' a key figure in drafting the document and the Bill of Rights, and fourth President of the United States.
Who was Samuel Adams?
A Founding Father, organizer of the Boston Tea Party, and leader of the Sons of Liberty.
Who was William Pitt?
British Secretary of State during the French and Indian War, he shifted the war effort and secured British victory.
Who was William Howe?
British commander during the American Revolutionary War.
Who was Baron Von Steuben?
Prussian military officer who trained the Continental Army at Valley Forge, improving its discipline and effectiveness.
Who was John Locke?
English philosopher whose ideas on natural rights and government influenced the Declaration of Independence.
What is 'Salutary Neglect'?
British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to England.
Define 'Mercantilism'.
Economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.
What are 'Natural Rights'?
Rights inherent to all human beings, often including life, liberty, and property (as articulated by John Locke).
What is 'Virtual Representation'?
British response to the 'no taxation without representation' argument, claiming that Parliament represented all British subjects, including colonists.
Define 'Federalism'.
A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (states).
What is the 'Necessary and Proper Clause'?
Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, granting Congress the power to pass all laws 'necessary and proper' for carrying out the enumerated powers.
What is 'Checks and Balances'?
A system in which the different parts of a government have powers that affect and control the other parts so that no part can become too powerful.
What is 'Strict Interpretation'?
Interpreting the Constitution based on a literal and narrow definition of the language without reference to differences in conditions when the Constitution was written.
What is 'Loose Interpretation'?
Interpreting the Constitution based on the belief that the document permitted everything that it did not expressly forbid.
What are 'Nonimportation Agreements'?
Colonial boycotts of British goods in response to taxes like the Stamp Act, demonstrating colonial unity.
What is the Albany Plan?
A plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 for a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies. It was ultimately rejected by the colonies.
What is the Sedition Act?
A controversial act passed in 1798 that limited free speech, particularly criticism of the government. It was associated with John Adams' presidency.