Shift from hand-made to machine-made goods; factories and mass production.

Government by the people, for the people.

Religious revival that sparked social reforms.

Belief that the US was destined to expand across North America.

Loyalty to a region over the nation.

Pride and loyalty to one's nation.

US policy warning Europe to stay out of the Americas.

The growth of cities.

Organized efforts for social change (like abolitionism).

Shifts in art, literature, and thought (like Romanticism).

Tech innovations (cotton gin, steam engine), transportation (canals, railroads), abundant raw materials.

Shift from agriculture to manufacturing, growth of cities, new social classes.

Second Great Awakening, social movements (abolitionism, women's rights).

Increased participation in government, greater emphasis on individual rights.

Manifest Destiny, economic interests, nationalism.

Acquisition of new territories, conflicts with Native Americans.

Economic differences (North vs. South), social/cultural differences (slavery).

Increased tensions, political polarization, leading to Civil War.

Shared identity, economic independence, American exceptionalism.

Increased patriotism, stronger national identity.

Napoleonic Wars, Monroe Doctrine.

Growth of American industry/commerce, increased US influence in Latin America.

Urbanization, cultural movements (Romanticism, Transcendentalism).

New artistic/intellectual trends, social reform movements.