A leading Federalist who advocated for a strong central government and a national bank.

A leader of the Democratic-Republicans who favored states' rights and a strict interpretation of the Constitution.

President who championed individual liberty, states' rights, and limited government; leader of the Democratic Party.

President who articulated the Monroe Doctrine, asserting American dominance in the Western Hemisphere.

Sixth president of the United States. Known for his role in shaping American foreign policy.

Eighth president of the United States. His presidency was largely defined by the Panic of 1837.

Ninth president of the United States. He died of illness shortly after taking office.

Tenth president of the United States. He assumed the presidency after Harrison's death.

The leader of an unsuccessful slave rebellion in Virginia in 1800.

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who presided over Marbury v. Madison and established judicial review.

The period (1792-1824) characterized by the rivalry between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

The period (1824-1854) characterized by the rivalry between the Whigs and Democrats.

A U.S. foreign policy that opposed European colonialism in the Americas.

A period of significant economic transformation in the US, characterized by increased commercialization and transportation advancements.

A period of religious revivalism in the early 19th century that spurred social reform movements.

The belief that states should have significant autonomy and power relative to the federal government.

Interpreting the Constitution literally, limiting the federal government to powers explicitly granted.

Interpreting the Constitution flexibly, allowing the federal government implied powers.

A social movement advocating for moderation or abstinence from alcohol consumption.

The process of population shift from rural areas to urban centers, leading to city growth.

Causes: British impressment of American sailors, trade restrictions. Effects: Increased American nationalism, decline of the Federalist Party.

Causes: Napoleon's need for funds, American desire for control of the Mississippi River. Effects: Doubling of US territory, westward expansion.

Causes: Technological innovations, desire for economic growth. Effects: Increased urbanization, new forms of labor, regional specialization.

Causes: Social and economic changes, desire for spiritual renewal. Effects: Reform movements, increased religious participation.

Causes: Debates over the expansion of slavery. Effects: Temporary resolution of the slavery issue, maintained balance in the Senate.

Causes: Speculative land investments, banking practices. Effects: Economic hardship, increased calls for government regulation.

Causes: Jackson's economic policies, destruction of the Second Bank. Effects: Economic depression, political upheaval.

Causes: American desire for Native American lands. Effects: Forced removal of Cherokee, immense suffering and death.

Causes: Growing awareness of women's inequality. Effects: Increased advocacy for women's rights, beginning of the women's suffrage movement.

Causes: Enslavement and desire for freedom. Effects: Increased fear among slaveholders, stricter laws regarding enslaved people.