The period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the United States and reintegrating the South.

Restrictive laws passed in the South after the Civil War to limit the freedom and rights of African Americans.

A federal agency created in 1865 to aid formerly enslaved people and poor whites in the South after the Civil War.

The initial approach to Reconstruction led by Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, emphasizing leniency towards the South.

The later phase of Reconstruction led by Radical Republicans in Congress, focused on protecting Black rights and punishing the South.

Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction, allowing a state to rejoin the Union when 10% of its voters swore allegiance.

A bill proposed by Radical Republicans requiring 50% of voters to take a loyalty oath for a state to rejoin the Union.

A law passed by Congress limiting the president's power to remove officials without Senate approval.

The process by which a legislative body formally levels charges against a high official of government.

A faction of the Republican Party that advocated for strong measures to punish the South and protect the rights of African Americans.

Both were lenient towards the South, but Johnson's plan allowed for Black Codes, which Lincoln likely would have opposed.

Presidential Reconstruction was lenient and focused on quick reunification, while Congressional Reconstruction was stricter and aimed to protect Black rights.

Black Codes came first, limiting freedom after the Civil War. Jim Crow laws came later, enforcing segregation in the late 19th and 20th centuries.

The 14th Amendment granted citizenship and equal protection, while the 15th Amendment granted voting rights to African American men.

The Freedmen's Bureau aimed to help formerly enslaved people, while the Black Codes aimed to restrict their rights and freedoms.

The Wade-Davis Bill was much stricter, requiring 50% of voters to take a loyalty oath, while Lincoln's 10% Plan was more lenient.

Radical Republicans aimed to protect Black rights and punish the South, while Southern Democrats sought to restore white supremacy and limit federal intervention.

The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th Amendment granted citizenship and equal protection under the law, providing a broader foundation for civil rights.

Short-term: some progress in black political participation and education. Long-term: failure to achieve full equality, rise of Jim Crow laws.

Before: limited role in protecting individual rights. After: more powerful, with a mandate to protect citizens' rights, though often inconsistently applied.

Cause: Lincoln's lenient Reconstruction plan angered some. Effect: Andrew Johnson became president, leading to clashes with Congress.

Cause: Southern states wanted to maintain white supremacy. Effect: Restricted African Americans' rights and led to Congressional Reconstruction.

Cause: Johnson's opposition to Congressional Reconstruction. Effect: Weakened the presidency and strengthened Congressional control over Reconstruction.

Cause: Radical Republicans sought to protect Black rights. Effect: The South was divided into military districts, and states had to ratify the 14th Amendment.

Cause: To grant black men the right to vote. Effect: Increased black political participation, but faced resistance in the South.

Cause: Disputed presidential election of 1876. Effect: Withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.

Cause: White Southerners resisted Reconstruction and black equality. Effect: Violence and intimidation against African Americans and their supporters.

Cause: To aid formerly enslaved people and poor whites in the South. Effect: Provided education, food, and medical care, but faced limited resources and opposition.

Cause: To counter the Black Codes and protect the rights of African Americans. Effect: Declared all people born in the US citizens, but was later challenged and reinforced by the 14th Amendment.

Cause: Economic downturn. Effect: Diverted attention from Reconstruction, weakening support for federal intervention in the South.