The first attempt at federal regulation of business, aiming to regulate railroad rates and prevent discrimination.

Legislation intended to break up monopolies and promote competition, though initially weak.

Established the Civil Service Commission, introducing merit-based appointments for federal jobs.

A financial crisis blamed on the gold standard for restricting the money supply.

Required the limited coinage of silver ($2-4 million/month).

A Supreme Court case that ruled states could not regulate interstate commerce, leading to the Interstate Commerce Act.

A Supreme Court case that weakened the Sherman Antitrust Act by limiting its application to commerce, not manufacturing.

An act that aimed to put the United States back on the gold standard, contributing to the decline of the Greenback Party.

Congress stopped coining silver, leading to demands for the unlimited coinage of silver.

A Supreme Court case that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Minimal government intervention in the economy; the market should regulate itself.

Competition is natural and beneficial, leading to the 'survival of the fittest' in business.

Large companies with unchecked power, controlling a significant portion of a market.

A monetary policy advocating for an increased money supply for lower interest rates and easier loan repayment.

A monetary policy advocating for currency backed by gold to maintain value.

A tax on imported goods designed to protect domestic industries.

A regulatory agency established to oversee railroad rates and practices.

Appointing people to government positions based on political connections rather than merit.

Legislation aimed at breaking up monopolies and promoting competition.

An agency established to oversee merit-based appointments for federal jobs.

Causes: Promote economic growth, westward expansion. Effects: Increased land value, corruption, displacement of Native Americans.

Causes: States' inability to regulate railroads, public demand for fair rates. Effects: Attempt to prevent discrimination, establishment of the ICC (initially weak).

Causes: Public fear of monopolies, desire to promote competition. Effects: Attempt to break up monopolies, initially ineffective due to court interpretations.

Causes: Desire to reduce political patronage, increase government efficiency. Effects: Merit-based appointments, reduced political influence in hiring.

Causes: Differing economic interests (farmers vs. bankers), desire for economic stability vs. growth. Effects: Political conflict, formation of the Greenback Party, debates over gold and silver standards.

Causes: To fund the Union during the Civil War, protect US industry. Effects: Higher consumer prices, decreased international sales, economic tensions between regions.

Causes: Blamed on the gold standard restricting the money supply. Effects: Economic turmoil, debates over monetary policy, rise of the Greenback Party.

Causes: 'Crime of 1873,' desire for inflation by farmers and debtors. Effects: Bland-Allison Act, continued debate over monetary policy.

Causes: States attempting to regulate railroads. Effects: Ruling that states cannot regulate interstate commerce, leading to the Interstate Commerce Act.

Causes: Attempt to apply the Sherman Antitrust Act. Effects: Limited application of the Act to commerce, not manufacturing, weakening its initial impact.