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Compare Sand Creek and Wounded Knee.
Both were massacres of Native Americans, but Sand Creek (1864) was a surprise attack on a peaceful camp, while Wounded Knee (1890) occurred during the attempt to disarm Native Americans practicing the Ghost Dance.
Compare Grange Movements and Farmers' Alliances.
Both were farmer organizations aimed at addressing economic challenges, but Farmers' Alliances were larger and more politically active than the Grange.
When was the Sand Creek Massacre?
1864. Colorado military attacked a peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho camp.
When was the Battle of Little Bighorn?
1876. Custer and his men were defeated by Sioux forces.
When was the Wounded Knee Massacre?
1890. Marked the end of major armed resistance by Native Americans; around 200 Native Americans were killed.
When was the Dawes Act passed?
1887. Aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands.
When did the US Census Bureau declare the frontier closed?
1890. Signaled a shift from expansion to industrialization and urbanization.
When was the Indian Intercourse Act?
1834. Restricted white access to the West, which was considered "Indian Country."
When was the Concentration Policy?
1851. The government defined specific reservation boundaries for each tribe.
When was Munn v. Illinois?
1877. This Supreme Court case established states' power to regulate commerce within their borders.
When was the Interstate Commerce Act?
1887. The first federal law aimed at regulating industry, especially railroads.
What was the goal of the Ghost Dance movement?
To restore Native American lands and bring back the bison.
Who was Chief Black Kettle?
Cheyenne chief who attempted to signal peace at Sand Creek but was attacked.
Who was George Armstrong Custer?
Lieutenant Colonel who underestimated the size of the Sioux force at Little Bighorn and was killed.
Who was Colonel John Chivington?
Led the Colorado military in the brutal attack at Sand Creek.