What is sharecropping?
A system where landowners provide resources to farmers in exchange for a portion of the crops.
What is tenant farming?
A system where landowners rent out land to farmers, who pay rent through their crops.
Define *laissez-faire* capitalism.
An economic system where transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs, and subsidies.
What are Jim Crow laws?
State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.
What is a grandfather clause?
A law that allowed people to vote if their grandfather had voted before Reconstruction, effectively disenfranchising African Americans.
What is a poll tax?
A fee required to vote, used to disenfranchise African American voters.
What is a literacy test?
A difficult test designed to prevent African Americans from voting.
What is meant by the 'New South'?
The post-Civil War South's attempt to redefine itself through industrial growth and modern capitalist values.
What is a white primary?
A primary election open only to white voters, effectively excluding African Americans from the electoral process.
Define the 'separate but equal' doctrine.
The legal principle established in *Plessy v. Ferguson* that allowed state-sponsored segregation as long as the separate facilities were equal.
What were the causes and effects of *Plessy v. Ferguson*?
Cause: Desire to maintain racial segregation. Effect: Legalized segregation, established 'separate but equal' doctrine, ushered in the Jim Crow Era.
What were the causes and effects of voter suppression tactics in the South?
Cause: Desire to disenfranchise African American voters. Effect: Reduced Black political participation, maintained white supremacy.
What were the causes and effects of the Civil Rights Cases of 1883?
Cause: Supreme Court interpretation of the 14th Amendment. Effect: Weakened federal protection against private racial discrimination.
What were the causes and effects of sharecropping and tenant farming?
Cause: Need for labor after the end of slavery. Effect: Perpetuated economic exploitation and limited social mobility for African Americans.
What were the causes and effects of the 'New South' movement?
Cause: Desire to modernize the Southern economy. Effect: Some industrial growth, but the South remained largely agricultural and the poorest region.
What were the causes and effects of the KKK's violence?
Cause: White supremacist ideology and resistance to Reconstruction. Effect: Suppression of Black voters, intimidation, and maintenance of racial hierarchy.
Who was Henry Grady?
Editor of the *Atlanta Constitution* who promoted the vision of a 'New South' with industrial growth and *laissez-faire* capitalism.
Who was Booker T. Washington?
An African American leader who advocated for vocational training and economic self-reliance as a path to equality.
Who was W.E.B. DuBois?
An African American leader who advocated for immediate civil rights and higher education for Black individuals.
Who was Ida B. Wells?
An African American journalist and activist who fought against lynching and advocated for civil rights.
