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Compare political developments in England and France between 1200 and 1450.
England: Magna Carta limited monarchy, Parliament formed. France: King Philip II centralized power with Estates-General. Both contributed to the decline of feudalism.
Compare the Reconquista and the Crusades.
Reconquista: Expulsion of Muslims from Spain. Crusades: Religious wars to reclaim the Holy Land. Both involved religious conflict and expansion.
Compare the roles of Lords and Vassals in the feudal system.
Lords granted land to vassals. Vassals provided service, labor, and military support to lords. A hierarchical relationship based on land ownership and loyalty.
Compare the political structures of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
France: Centralized kingdom with a growing bureaucracy. Holy Roman Empire: A loose federation of territories with limited central authority.
Compare the social structures of feudalism and manorialism.
Feudalism: Political and social hierarchy based on land ownership. Manorialism: Economic system centered on self-sufficient estates. Manorialism supported the feudal system.
Compare the impacts of the Crusades on Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire.
Western Europe: Increased trade, weakened Church, rise of monarchies. Byzantine Empire: Further weakened, leading to its eventual fall.
Compare the art of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Middle Ages: Primarily religious, symbolic, and often two-dimensional. Renaissance: Revival of classical styles, emphasis on realism, humanism, and perspective.
Compare the roles of the Church in the Early and Late Middle Ages.
Early Middle Ages: Preserver of knowledge and stability during the decline of the Roman Empire. Late Middle Ages: Faced challenges to its authority due to corruption and the rise of secular power.
Compare the causes of the decline of feudalism in England and France.
England: Magna Carta limited the king's power. France: Hundred Years' War fostered nationalism and strengthened the monarchy. Both led to centralization and weakening of feudal lords.
Compare the economic systems of Western Europe and Eastern Europe during the Late Middle Ages.
Western Europe: Growing trade and urbanization, decline of manorialism. Eastern Europe: Continued dominance of serfdom and agricultural economy.
What is Feudalism?
A social, economic, and political system based on land ownership in exchange for service or labor.
What is a Fief?
A large land grant given by a monarch to lords in exchange for loyalty and service.
Who are Serfs?
Workers tied to the land and the lord; they worked the land but didn't own it.
What is the Three-Field System?
A method of crop rotation to prevent soil overuse, rotating between wheat, beans, and fallow land.
What is the Estates-General?
A legislative body in France that King Philip II worked with to centralize government.
What is the Magna Carta?
A document signed by King John in 1215, granting more rights to the people in trials and taxation.
What is Nationalism?
A feeling of strong identification and loyalty to a nation, often fostered by conflicts.
What is the Reconquista?
The Catholic Church's expulsion of Muslims from Spain by 1492.
What is the Renaissance?
A period of increased literacy, urbanization, and global connection, marked by a revival of classical learning and emphasis on humanism.
What is Humanism?
An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements.
What was the significance of the Battle of Tours (732)?
Charles Martel stopped the Islamic advance into France, preventing further Islamic expansion into Western Europe.
What was the Concordat of Worms?
An agreement that allowed the Pope to appoint bishops but gave the king veto power, showing the struggle between church and state.
What was the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)?
A conflict between England and France over trade, land, and resources, fostering nationalism and weakening feudalism.
What was the significance of the Magna Carta (1215)?
King John was forced to sign it, giving more rights to the people in trials and taxation, a step towards limited government.
What was the Reconquista (by 1492)?
The Catholic Church expelled Muslims from Spain, consolidating Christian power in the Iberian Peninsula.
What were the Crusades?
A series of religious wars by the Catholic Church to take back the Holy Land from Muslims.
What was the impact of the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg's printing press revolutionized the spread of information, making books more accessible and increasing literacy.
What was the impact of the Crusades on Constantinople?
Crusaders attacked Orthodox Christians in Constantinople, further straining relations between the Eastern and Western Christian churches.
What was the effect of the Crusades on European trade?
The Crusades and Mediterranean trade opened Europe to global commerce and ideas, fostering economic growth and cultural exchange.
What was the impact of the Crusades on the Catholic Church?
Ultimately, the Crusades failed to win back Jerusalem but weakened the Catholic Church and increased the power of monarchs.