A disease caused by *Yersinia pestis* bacteria, spread by infected fleas, causing fever, chills, and swollen lymph nodes.

Grazing at intensities beyond the land's capacity, leading to land degradation.

The loss of forests due to overuse of farmland or other factors.

The wearing away of soil due to overuse of farmland or other environmental factors.

The ability to communicate and exchange ideas, goods, and culture between different regions or societies.

The consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished.

A system where one state gives gifts to a more powerful state as a sign of submission.

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

The release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

A 14th-century bubonic plague outbreak that killed 75-200 million people, significantly impacting Europe's population.

Arab traders spread bananas through the Indian Ocean trade network, leading to their cultivation and significance in Africa.

Champa rice, originating in Southeast Asia, was drought-resistant and early-ripening, increasing crop yields and becoming a staple in China.

Citrus fruits spread through the Indian Ocean and Silk Road trade networks to the Mediterranean, becoming an important source of vitamin C.

The Black Death killed approximately 1/3 of Europe's population in a few years, causing significant social and economic disruption.

Trade routes facilitated the rapid spread of the Black Death from China to Europe, highlighting how connectivity can amplify disease transmission.

Champa rice spread to China via Vietnam through the tribute system.

Arab traders spread bananas through the Indian Ocean trade network, leading to their cultivation and significance in Africa.

Citrus fruits spread through the Indian Ocean and Silk Road trade networks to the Mediterranean, becoming an important source of vitamin C.

Trade routes facilitated the spread of crops like bananas, champa rice, and citrus, impacting global economies and diets.

Cause: Originating in Southeast Asia and spread via tribute system. Effect: Increased food supply and supported population growth in China.

Cause: *Yersinia pestis* bacteria spread by fleas on rodents. Effect: Massive population decline in Europe, social and economic disruption.

Cause: Grazing beyond the land's capacity. Effect: Land degradation and soil erosion.

Cause: Overuse of farmland and other factors. Effect: Loss of forests and habitat, soil erosion.

Cause: Overuse of farmland and other environmental factors. Effect: Loss of fertile soil, reduced agricultural productivity.

Cause: Expansion of trade networks and globalization. Effect: Spread of crops, diseases, and environmental degradation.

Cause: Arab traders spreading bananas via the Indian Ocean trade network. Effect: Provided food and economic opportunities, facilitated Bantu migration.

Cause: Spread through the Indian Ocean and Silk Road trade networks. Effect: Became an important source of vitamin C in the Mediterranean.

Cause: Increased demand for goods and resources. Effect: Resource depletion, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Cause: Trade networks and cultural exchange. Effect: Altered diets, economies, and agricultural practices globally.