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What were the causes and effects of European expansion from 1450-1750?
Causes: Economic desires for new trade routes, technological advancements in navigation, and political competition. Effects: Columbian Exchange, rise of global trade, and colonization of new territories.
What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic slave trade?
Causes: Demand for labor in the Americas due to plantation economies. Effects: Demographic crisis in Africa, disruption of social structures, and immense suffering for enslaved people.
What were the causes and effects of deforestation?
Cause: Clearing land for cash crops. Effect: Biodiversity loss and impact on aquatic ecosystems.
What were the causes and effects of the influx of precious metals into Europe?
Cause: Extraction of silver and gold from the Americas. Effect: Inflation and economic changes in Europe.
What were the causes and effects of mercantilism?
Cause: Desire for nations to accumulate wealth. Effect: Shaped European economies and their colonies.
What were the causes and effects of the introduction of new crops to Europe?
Cause: The Columbian Exchange. Effect: Population growth and dietary changes.
What was the cause and effect of the demographic crisis in Africa?
Cause: The Atlantic slave trade. Effect: Gender imbalance, women taking on traditionally male roles, and family breakdown.
What was the cause and effect of increased agricultural output?
Cause: Technological innovations like crop rotation and the heavy plow. Effect: Increased demand for labor, including the Atlantic slave trade.
What was the cause and effect of the introduction of diseases to the Americas?
Cause: The Columbian Exchange. Effect: Massive population decline among indigenous peoples.
What was the cause and effect of the French and Indian War?
Cause: Territorial disputes in the Ohio River Valley. Effect: British victory and control of Canada and the Ohio River Valley.
What is the definition of Columbian Exchange?
The transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.
What is the definition of Mercantilism?
An economic policy where a nation's wealth is determined by its reserves of gold and silver, advocating for increased exports and decreased imports.
What is the definition of Crop Rotation?
The practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to improve soil health and increase productivity.
What is the definition of Atlantic Slave Trade?
The brutal system of buying and selling enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.
Define cash crop.
An agricultural crop grown for sale to return a profit.
Define deforestation.
The clearing of forests for other land uses, such as agriculture or development.
Define biodiversity loss.
The decline in the variety of life forms in a given environment or ecosystem.
Define colony.
A territory under the immediate political control of a state, distinct from the home territory of the sovereign.
What is the Treaty of The Hague?
The treaty that ended the Dutch-Portuguese War, granting the Dutch control of the East Indies and the Portuguese control of Brazil.
What is the significance of the Ohio River Valley?
A site of territorial disputes between the British and French in North America, contributing to the French and Indian War.
What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange?
It led to the exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Old World and the New World, transforming societies and economies on both sides of the Atlantic.
What was the significance of the French and Indian War (1754-1763)?
It was a conflict between the British and French over territory in North America, resulting in British victory and control of Canada and the Ohio River Valley.
What was the significance of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763)?
A global conflict between Great Britain and France, resulting in British dominance and acquisition of French territories in Canada, India, and the Caribbean.
What was the significance of the Dutch-Portuguese War (158-1661)?
A conflict between the Dutch and Portuguese for control of trade routes and colonies, resulting in Dutch control of the East Indies and Portuguese control of Brazil.
What was the significance of the Anglo-Mughal Wars (1686-1757)?
A series of conflicts between the British East India Company and the Mughal Empire, resulting in British control over parts of India.
What was the impact of disease during the Columbian Exchange?
Diseases like smallpox, measles, malaria, and yellow fever decimated indigenous populations in the Americas.
What was the effect of increased agricultural output?
It led to increased demand for labor, contributing to the expansion of the horrific Atlantic slave trade.
What happened at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607?
Jamestown was established as an English colony.
What was the impact of mercantilism on European colonies?
Colonies were used for resources and markets, shaping European economies and their colonies.
What was the effect of introducing new crops to Europe?
The introduction of new crops like potatoes and corn led to population growth and dietary changes.