Define Industrial Revolution.
A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.
What are tenements?
Overcrowded and unsanitary apartment buildings, often housing the working class in urban areas.
What is the bourgeoisie?
The capitalist class; owners of factories and businesses during the Industrial Revolution.
Define 'cult of domesticity'.
An ideology that emphasized women's roles as wives and mothers, confined to the domestic sphere.
What is urbanization?
The process of population shift from rural to urban areas, driven by industrialization.
Define social immobility.
The difficulty or inability to move between social classes, particularly from the working class to the middle or upper classes.
What is consumer culture?
A culture where people spend money on leisure and non-essential goods.
Define working class.
Factory workers and manual laborers who experienced long hours, low pay, and poor working conditions.
Define middle class.
Managers, business owners, and professionals who had more education and influence than the working class.
What is resource depletion?
The overconsumption of natural resources like coal and oil during the Industrial Revolution.
What were the causes and effects of child labor?
Causes: Poverty, demand for cheap labor in factories. Effects: Harmful working conditions, lack of education, fragmented families.
What were the causes and effects of urbanization?
Causes: Industrialization, factory jobs. Effects: Overcrowding, poor sanitation, disease, wealth disparities.
What were the causes and effects of mass production?
Causes: Technological advancements, factory system. Effects: Wider availability of goods, consumer culture, service industry growth.
What were the causes and effects of the 'cult of domesticity'?
Causes: Social norms, desire to maintain traditional gender roles. Effects: Limited opportunities for women, unequal treatment.
What were the causes and effects of pollution during industrialization?
Causes: Factories, burning coal. Effects: Air, water, and land pollution; harm to human health and the environment.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of the bourgeoisie?
Causes: Industrialization, capitalism. Effects: Wealth concentration, influence on culture and values, social immobility for the working class.
What were the causes and effects of long working hours?
Causes: Demand for production, lack of labor laws. Effects: Exhaustion, health problems, fragmented family life for the working class.
What were the causes and effects of limited access to education?
Causes: Class disparities, lack of public education. Effects: Social immobility, perpetuation of poverty, limited opportunities for the working class.
What were the causes and effects of the growth of the service industry?
Causes: Mass production, increased consumer spending. Effects: More jobs in entertainment, transportation, and other services.
What were the causes and effects of resource depletion?
Causes: Overconsumption of natural resources like coal and oil. Effects: Climate change, environmental degradation, long-term environmental consequences.
Compare the experiences of working-class women and middle-class women during the Industrial Revolution.
Working-class women faced harsh factory conditions and low pay, while middle-class women were expected to adhere to the 'cult of domesticity'.
Compare living conditions of the working class and the bourgeoisie.
The working class lived in overcrowded tenements with poor sanitation, while the bourgeoisie enjoyed better living conditions and more leisure opportunities.
Compare the social mobility of the working class and the middle class during the Industrial Revolution.
Social mobility was limited for the working class due to the rigid class system, while the middle class had more opportunities for advancement.
Compare the impact of industrialization on rural and urban areas.
Rural areas saw a decline in population as people moved to urban centers for factory jobs, leading to rapid urban growth and overcrowding.
Compare the environmental impact of early and late stages of the Industrial Revolution.
Early stages saw unchecked pollution and resource depletion, while later stages led to growing environmental awareness and regulations.
Compare the daily life of families before and after the Industrial Revolution.
Before, families often worked together in agriculture; after, families were fragmented as members worked in factories.
Compare the economic power of the bourgeoisie and the working class.
The bourgeoisie owned the means of production and accumulated wealth, while the working class had limited economic power and faced low wages.
Compare the access to education for the middle class and the working class.
The middle class had greater access to education, which allowed them to gain professional skills, while the working class had limited educational opportunities.
Compare the roles of men and women in the working class during the Industrial Revolution.
Both men and women worked in factories, but women often received lower pay and faced additional challenges due to societal expectations.
Compare the health conditions in urban areas before and after industrialization.
Before industrialization, urban areas were less crowded and polluted. After, overcrowding and pollution led to the spread of diseases.
