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When was the American Revolution?
1775-1783; Thirteen colonies gained independence from Britain.
When was the French Revolution?
1789-1799; Overthrew the monarchy and established a republic.
When was the Haitian Revolution?
1791-1804; Enslaved people fought for and won their freedom.
When were the Latin American Wars of Independence?
1810-1825; Several countries gained independence from Spain and Portugal.
When was the Indian Rebellion?
1857; Attempt to overthrow British rule in India.
Define Industrial Capitalism.
An economic system where private individuals or entities own the means of production and invest capital to produce goods and services for profit, leading to significant societal changes.
Define Enlightenment.
An intellectual and philosophical movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism, challenging traditional authority.
Define Nationalism.
A political ideology emphasizing loyalty and devotion to a nation, promoting national identity and often advocating for self-governance.
Define Social Contract.
An agreement where individuals give up some freedoms to a government in exchange for protection and order, as proposed by Enlightenment thinkers.
Define Nation-State.
A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
Define Productivity (in the context of Industrial Revolution).
The efficiency with which goods or services are produced, often measured by output per unit of input (e.g., labor, capital).
Define Standard of Living.
The degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community.
Causes & effects of the Enlightenment?
Causes: Scientific Revolution, Renaissance humanism. Effects: Revolutions, emphasis on individual rights, decline of absolute monarchies.
Causes & effects of the rise of Nationalism?
Causes: Shared culture, language, history, oppression. Effects: Unification of nations, independence movements, increased conflict.
Causes & effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Causes: Technological innovation, access to resources, population growth. Effects: Urbanization, new social classes, increased production, environmental pollution.