What is the Enlightenment?
18th-century movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism.
What is 'Tabula Rasa'?
The idea that people are born as a 'blank slate,' shaped by experience.
What are natural rights?
Inherent rights to life, liberty, and property, not granted by governments.
What is the social contract?
Agreement where people give up some freedoms for government protection.
What is nationalism?
Loyalty and devotion to one's nation, a sense of shared identity.
What is Deism?
Belief in a creator who established natural laws but doesn't intervene.
What is Empiricism?
Knowledge derived from observation and experiments.
What is Socialism?
The public or workers should own the means of production.
What is Classical Liberalism?
Ideas pushing back on traditional politics, society, and economics.
What is Classical Conservatism?
Belief in natural social order, traditional monarchies & nobility.
What is Utopian Socialism?
Ideal societies designed to maximize harmony and equality.
What is Feminism?
Belief that women’s rights are human rights.
What is Abolitionism?
Movement to end slavery and extend rights.
What is Zionism?
Desire for Jewish homeland in the Middle East.
What is Anti-Semitism?
Hostility toward Jews
What was the cause and effect of Enlightenment emphasis on reason?
Cause: Emphasis on reason. Effect: Questioning of traditional authority.
What was the cause and effect of Locke's natural rights theory?
Cause: Natural rights theory. Effect: Justification for revolution.
What was the cause and effect of the Enlightenment's focus on individualism?
Cause: Focus on individualism. Effect: Rise of feminism and abolitionism.
What was the cause and effect of the rise of nationalism?
Cause: Rise of nationalism. Effect: Creation of new states and revolutions.
What was the cause and effect of Deism?
Cause: Deism. Effect: Shift from faith to reason in religious thought.
What was the cause and effect of challenging social hierarchies?
Cause: Challenging social hierarchies. Effect: Tension and conflict.
What was the cause and effect of the Enlightenment's influence on women?
Cause: Enlightenment influence on women. Effect: Demands for equality.
What was the cause and effect of the Enlightenment's influence on enslaved people?
Cause: Enlightenment influence on enslaved people. Effect: Demands for equality.
What was the cause and effect of the Enlightenment's influence on serfs?
Cause: Enlightenment influence on serfs. Effect: Demands for equality.
What was the cause and effect of the Enlightenment's influence on abolitionism?
Cause: Enlightenment influence on abolitionism. Effect: Movement to end slavery.
Compare Hobbes' and Locke's views on government.
Hobbes: strong government needed. Locke: government to protect rights.
Compare Classical Liberalism and Classical Conservatism.
Liberalism: pushes back on tradition. Conservatism: believes in natural order.
Compare Socialism and Classical Liberalism.
Socialism: public ownership. Liberalism: individual freedom.
Compare the views of Voltaire and Rousseau.
Voltaire: Freedom of speech. Rousseau: Common good.
Compare the views of Locke and Montesquieu.
Locke: Natural Rights. Montesquieu: Separation of Powers.
Compare the views on government of Hobbes and Locke.
Hobbes: strong government, Locke: limited government.
Compare the views on government of Rousseau and Locke.
Locke: protect individual rights, Rousseau: common good.
Compare the views of Adam Smith and Socialism.
Smith: free markets, Socialism: public ownership.
Compare the causes of the American and French Revolutions.
American: taxation without representation, French: social inequality.
Compare the views on government of Hobbes and Rousseau.
Hobbes: absolute monarchy, Rousseau: social contract.
