18th-century philosophical movement emphasizing reason and individual rights.

Rights inherent to all humans, like life, liberty, and property (Locke).

The idea that government legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed.

The idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content, and therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception.

Economic policy where colonies exist to benefit the mother country.

Identification with and devotion to one's nation; can be unifying or divisive.

Political strategy based on practical considerations rather than ideology.

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas.

A general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), nobles (Second Estate), and common people (Third Estate).

Spanish-born Spaniards residing in the Spanish colonies.

Cause: British taxes without representation. Effect: American independence and a constitutional republic.

Cause: Debt, social inequality. Effect: Abolition of feudalism, instability, and Napoleonic rule.

Cause: Slavery and French colonial rule. Effect: First black-led republic and land redistribution.

Cause: Creole frustration with Spanish rule. Effect: Independent nations, but continued oppression.

Cause: Nationalism. Effect: Creation of a unified Italy.

Cause: Nationalism and Realpolitik. Effect: Creation of a unified German Empire.

Cause: Decline of the Ottoman Empire and nationalism. Effect: Independence movements in Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania.

Cause: Dissatisfaction with absolute monarchies and religious dogma. Effect: Revolutions, emphasis on individual rights, and new forms of government.

Cause: British industrialization and desire for resources. Effect: Annexation of New Zealand and conflict with Maori tribes.

Cause: Colonial disputes between Great Britain and France. Effect: Increased British debt and subsequent taxation of American colonies.

Both driven by nationalism and used Realpolitik, but different leaders and specific contexts.

Both influenced by Enlightenment ideals, but different causes, levels of violence, and outcomes.

Unifying force in Italy/Germany; divisive force in the Balkans due to diverse ethnic groups.

Both sought greater autonomy from European powers, but Creoles were more concerned with maintaining their social hierarchy.

The Haitian Revolution was unique as a slave revolt, while other Latin American revolutions were led by Creoles.

Both were influenced by Enlightenment ideals, but the Haitian Revolution emphasized equality and freedom for enslaved people to a greater extent.

The American Revolution resulted in a stable republic, while the French Revolution led to instability and eventually Napoleonic rule.

Both were key leaders who fought for independence, but Bolivar led Creole elites while L'Ouverture led enslaved people.

Both Cavour and Bismarck used strategic alliances and wars to achieve unification, prioritizing practical goals over ideology.

British industrialization fueled imperialism, leading to the annexation of New Zealand and conflict with Maori tribes due to the imbalance of power.