Cause: Misinterpretation of Darwin's theory. Effect: Justification of racism, inequality, and imperial expansion.

Cause: Belief in Western superiority. Effect: Colonization, cultural domination, exploitation, and suppression of indigenous cultures.

Cause: National pride and competition. Effect: Imperial expansion, rivalry between European powers, and domestic support for colonialism.

Cause: Attempt to scientifically prove racial superiority. Effect: Reinforced racism and discriminatory policies.

Causes: Social Darwinism, Nationalism, Civilizing Mission, Economic desires. Effects: Exploitation of resources, subjugation of cultures, global power imbalances.

Cause: European powers' desire to divide Africa. Effect: Formalized the Scramble for Africa, ignoring existing African political structures and boundaries.

Cause: Desire to maintain autonomy and cultural identity. Effect: Armed conflicts, nationalist movements, and eventual decolonization.

Cause: Need for raw materials and new markets. Effect: Increased European expansion and colonization.

Cause: British desire to trade opium in China. Effect: Weakening of the Qing Dynasty, forced trade agreements, and increased foreign influence.

Cause: Resentment of British rule and cultural insensitivity. Effect: Direct British rule in India, increased racial tensions, and reforms in British colonial administration.

Misapplication of Darwin's evolution theory to justify social hierarchies and the dominance of stronger nations/races over weaker ones.

Ideology used to justify colonization by claiming to bring Western civilization to 'uncivilized' parts of the world.

Belief in the superiority of one's nation, fueling expansion and competition with other nations.

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.

A pseudo-science attempting to link skull shape to racial superiority, reinforcing racist ideologies.

The French version of the 'civilizing mission,' used to justify colonial actions.

The suppression or destruction of indigenous cultures in favor of the colonizer's culture.

The belief that one race is inherently better than another, often used to justify discrimination and oppression.

A set of beliefs or practices that claim to be scientific but do not adhere to the scientific method.

The act of bringing someone or something under domination or control.