## Challenging Political and Social Order People around the world expressed their discontent with existing political and social structures, leading to significant global conflicts. Let's dive in! 🌍 ### Fighting for Freedoms Popular uprisings challenged Soviet-backed governments in **Eastern Europe** and traditional power structures in **Latin America**. * **Eastern Europe:** * The **Hungarian Revolution** (1956) and **Prague Spring** (1968) showcased the desire for freedom and democracy. * These movements were crushed by the Soviet Union, highlighting its determination to maintain control. * The Prague Spring included significant reforms like greater press freedom and the release of political prisoners. * **Latin America:** * Movements and political parties pushed for social and economic equality. * **Cuba:** Fidel Castro's **26th of July Movement** overthrew the US-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. * **Chile:** Salvador Allende's socialist government was overthrown in a US-backed coup in 1973. ### Decolonization World War II fueled anti-imperialism, leading to the end of European colonial empires across Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. 🗺️ * **Asia:** * Nationalist movements gained momentum after WWII. * **India:** Led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, India gained independence from British rule in 1947. * Other countries gaining independence include Pakistan, Indonesia, and the Philippines. * **Africa:** * Anti-colonial movements and protests became widespread. * **Kenya:** The **Mau Mau Uprising** was a key factor in Kenya's independence in 1963. * **Algeria:** The **National Liberation Front (FLN)** led a war of independence against France, resulting in Algeria's independence in 1962. * Other African countries that gained independence include Ghana, Guinea, and Senegal. * **Caribbean:** * Anti-colonial movements also led to independence. * Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago gained independence in 1962, and Guyana in 1966. * Decolonization was not always peaceful. European powers often resisted violently, leading to brutal conflicts. For example, the Algerian War of Independence was particularly violent. * Decolonization led to significant political, economic, and social changes in newly independent countries, including land reform and wealth redistribution. ### Cold War and its Effects > College Board: "The Cold War conflict extended beyond its basic ideological origins to have profound effects on economic, political, social, and cultural aspects of global events." Let's see how the Cold War impacted everything: ❄️ **Economics** * Rival economic systems emerged: * **Capitalism** (United States and allies): Private ownership, market-based resource allocation. * **Socialism** (Soviet Union and allies): Collective ownership, central planning. * Economic aid became a tool of foreign policy. * The **Marshall Plan** (US) aimed to rebuild Western Europe and promote capitalism. * The Soviet Union also used foreign aid to spread socialism. * Economic blocs formed: * **European Economic Community (EEC)** * **Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)** **Politics** * Ideological struggle between democracy/capitalism and communism/socialism. * Proxy wars and support for opposing governments: * Korean War, Vietnam War, Soviet-Afghan War. * Establishment of surveillance and intelligence agencies. * Propaganda used to influence public opinion. **Society** * Rise of consumer culture in capitalist countries. * Consumer goods became a symbol of capitalist success. * Persecution for possessing items representing Western ideas in socialist countries. **Culture** * Rival cultural ideologies: * Liberal, individualistic culture (US and allies). * Collectivistic culture (Soviet Union and allies). * Cultural institutions were created to promote each side's ideology. * **United States Information Agency (USIA)** * **Soviet Peace Committee** ## Institutions of Global Association Alliances and military pacts, such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact, were formed to protect members and contain the spread of opposing ideologies. 🤝 ### NATO * **North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)** established April 4, 1949. * Military alliance between the US, Canada, and Western European countries. * Formed in response to the perceived threat of Soviet expansion. * Based on the principle of collective defense: an attack on one is an attack on all. * Still exists today. ### Warsaw Pact * Established May 14, 1955, as a military alliance between the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. * Formed in response to NATO. * Also based on the principle of collective defense. * No longer exists, but its legacy remains in political tensions. ## Responding to Economic Struggles Countries adopted various approaches to address economic challenges. Let's break them down: 📉 * **Free-Market Economic Policies (Neoliberalism):** * Reduced government intervention, promotion of free trade. * Adopted by many Latin American countries in the 1980s and 1990s. * Also implemented in some Eastern European countries after the fall of the Soviet Union. * **Export-Oriented Industrialization:** * Focus on increasing exports to stimulate economic growth. * Successfully implemented by Japan and South Korea. * Also used by China and Taiwan. * **International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank:** * Provided financial assistance and economic advice. * Policies criticized for being too harsh and not considering specific economic conditions. * **Government Intervention and Regulation (Dirigisme):** * State plays a key role in guiding economic development. * Used by many European countries like France and Italy. * State-owned enterprises and protectionist trade policies. * **Mixed Economy Approach:** * Combines free market and government intervention. * Adopted by China, with gradual shift towards a market economy. * **Command Economy:** * Government controlled most economic activities. * Implemented by the Soviet Union, leading to low economic growth and poor living standards. **Mnemonic for remembering economic policies:** **F**ree Market (Neoliberalism) - **E**xport-Oriented - **I**MF/World Bank - **G**overnment Intervention (Dirigisme) - **M**ixed Economy - **C**ommand Economy. Think of it as **"FEIGMC"** (like a feisty game character) to remember the different strategies. ### Practice Questions **Multiple Choice:** 1. Which of the following best describes the primary goal of the Warsaw Pact? (A) To promote free trade among Eastern European nations (B) To provide a collective defense against perceived Western aggression (C) To establish a common currency for Soviet bloc countries (D) To foster cultural exchange between Eastern and Western Europe 2. The process of decolonization in Africa was often characterized by: (A) Peaceful transitions of power with minimal conflict. (B) Widespread adoption of democratic institutions. (C) Violent conflicts and resistance against colonial powers. (D) Immediate economic prosperity in newly independent nations. **Short Answer Question (SAQ):** Briefly explain ONE way in which the Cold War influenced economic policies in developing nations. Then, briefly explain ONE way in which the Cold War influenced political alliances. **Free Response Question (FRQ):** Analyze the social, political, and economic impacts of decolonization in the 20th century. Be sure to include specific examples from at least TWO different regions. **Scoring Breakdown for FRQ:** * **Thesis (1 point):** Presents a historically defensible thesis or claim that responds to all parts of the question. * **Contextualization (1 point):** Describes a broader historical context relevant to decolonization. * **Evidence (3 points):** Provides specific examples of the social, political, and economic impacts of decolonization. Examples from at least TWO different regions are needed. * **Analysis and Reasoning (2 points):** Explains how the evidence supports the thesis and analyzes the causes and effects of decolonization. **🏆Trivia: WHAP -** __**Cold War Review**__ **🏆Trivia: WHAP -** __**Decolonization Review**__

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Causation in the Age of the Cold War and Decolonization

Emily Wilson

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