# AP World History: Modern - Night Before Review 🚀 Hey! Let's get you prepped for the exam. This guide is designed to be your quick, high-impact review for tonight. We're focusing on the essentials and making sure you feel confident and ready. Let's do this! 💪 ## Global Power Shifts (Early 20th Century) ### The Old Guard 👑 * **Western European Powers:** Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands dominated due to industrialization and colonial expansion. * They held significant global political, economic, and cultural influence. ### The Rising Stars ✨ * **Japan:** Rapid modernization after the Meiji Restoration (1868) transformed it into a major economic and military force. * **United States:** Emerged as a global power after acquiring territories like the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. ### The Shifting Balance ⚖️ * Early 20th century saw a major power shift: Western powers consolidated their dominance while new players emerged. * This shift shaped much of the 20th century's political, cultural, and economic landscape. ## The Collapse of Empires ### Ottoman Empire 🇹🇷 * **Decline:** Faced internal and external pressures, leading to reforms and eventual collapse. * **Tanzimat Reforms:** Attempted modernization and westernization, including: * Abolition of the slave trade * New legal code based on European models * Centralized bureaucracy * Reforms were not universally accepted and didn't address corruption and economic issues. * **Young Turks:** Launched a revolution in 1908, seeking further reforms and a more representative government. * **End of Empire:** Formally dissolved after World War I, becoming Turkey in the 1920s. ![Young Turks](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Jon-turkler-1.jpg/300px-Jon-turkler-1.jpg) _Caption: The Young Turks, key figures in the push for reform in the Ottoman Empire._ ### Qing China 🇨🇳 * **Challenges:** Faced internal struggles and foreign imperialism. * **Self-Strengthening Movement (1860s):** Attempted to modernize through: * Modern factories * Railroad construction * Western-style education and military training * Reforms were not effective due to government resistance and internal conflict. * **Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864):** Massive civil war that weakened the Qing Dynasty. * **Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901):** Anti-foreign uprising, further weakening the dynasty. ![Boxer Rebellion](https://zupay.blob.core.windows.net/resources/files/0baca4f69800419293b4c75aa2870acd_c41f4b_1338.jpg?alt=media&token=da3ef974-e2f0-4f01-ad3c-2c1fac007a37) _Caption: The Boxer Rebellion, a key event in the decline of the Qing Dynasty._ * **1911 Revolution:** Overthrew the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Republic of China. * **End of Empire:** Marked the end of over 2000 years of imperial rule in China. * The fall of the Qing Dynasty paved the way for the rise of the Communist Party under Mao Zedong. ### Russian Empire 🇷🇺 * **Industrialization:** Attempted to modernize, but faced political instability, economic mismanagement, and social unrest. * **Russo-Japanese War:** Crushing defeat exposed Russia's weaknesses. * **1905 Revolution:** Weakened the empire and led to the establishment of the Duma (parliament). * **1917 Revolution:** Overthrew the Russian Empire, leading to the establishment of the Soviet Union. * The Russian Revolution had a significant impact on the global balance of power. **T**anzimat (Ottoman) and **S**elf-Strengthening (Qing) both tried to **T**ransform their empires, but faced internal **S**truggles. Think **TS** for the two reform movements. ### Activity 1: From Empire to Nation | **Activity 1: From Empire to Nation** | **Match the former empire to its 20th century counterpart** | | --- | --- | |

Soviet Union
Mughal Empire
Qing Dynasty
Ottoman Empire

a) China
b) Russia
c) Turkey
d) India

| #### ANSWERS - Activity 1: From Empire to Nation (1) Soviet Union --- B. Russia (2) Mughal Empire --- D. India (3) Qing Dynasty --- A. China (4) Ottoman Empire --- C. Turkey ## Final Exam Focus ### High-Value Topics * **Imperialism and its Impact:** Focus on the causes, methods, and consequences of imperialism in different regions. * **Revolutions:** Understand the causes, key events, and long-term effects of major revolutions (e.g., Russian, Chinese). * **Industrialization:** Analyze its impact on society, economy, and global power dynamics. * **Nationalism:** Explore how nationalism shaped political movements and conflicts. ### Common Question Types * **Multiple Choice:** Focus on specific events, dates, and key figures. Pay attention to the wording of questions and eliminate incorrect answers. * **Short Answer Questions (SAQs):** Practice providing concise answers with specific evidence. Use the ACE (Answer, Cite, Explain) method. * **Long Essay Questions (LEQs):** Develop a strong thesis statement and support it with well-organized evidence. Understand different historical thinking skills (e.g., causation, comparison). * **Document-Based Questions (DBQs):** Analyze documents effectively, identify point of view, and use evidence to support your argument. ### Last-Minute Tips * **Time Management:** Pace yourself, don't spend too long on one question. Move on and come back if you get stuck. * **Read Carefully:** Pay close attention to the instructions and the wording of each question. * **Use Evidence:** Always support your answers with specific historical evidence. * **Stay Calm:** Take deep breaths, trust your preparation, and remember you've got this! 🧘‍♀️ ### Common Pitfalls * **Vague Answers:** Avoid generalizations. Provide specific details and examples. * **Ignoring the Prompt:** Make sure you understand what the question is asking before you start writing. * **Lack of Analysis:** Don't just describe events; analyze their significance and impact. ## Practice Questions ### Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following best describes a major effect of the Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire? (A) A significant increase in religious fundamentalism (B) A strengthening of the sultan's absolute power (C) An expansion of the empire's territory (D) An attempt to modernize and westernize the empire 2. The Self-Strengthening Movement in China during the late 19th century aimed primarily to: (A) Promote communist ideology (B) Restore the traditional examination system (C) Industrialize and modernize the military (D) Establish a democratic government 3. Which of the following was a major consequence of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)? (A) The strengthening of the Russian Empire's international prestige (B) The rise of Japan as a major global power (C) The end of the Qing Dynasty in China (D) The establishment of a communist government in Russia ### Short Answer Question Explain ONE way in which the Tanzimat Reforms and the Self-Strengthening Movement were similar, and ONE way in which they were different. ### Free Response Question **Prompt:** Analyze the factors that led to the decline of TWO of the following land-based empires in the period 1750-1914: the Ottoman Empire, the Qing Dynasty, and the Russian Empire. **Scoring Breakdown** * **Thesis (1 point):** Presents a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning. * **Contextualization (1 point):** Describes a broader historical context relevant to the prompt. * **Evidence (2 points):** Provides specific examples of evidence relevant to the topic. Supports an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of historical evidence. * **Analysis and Reasoning (2 points):** Explains how or why the evidence supports the thesis. Uses historical reasoning skills (e.g., causation, comparison) to frame or structure an argument. * **Complexity (1 point):** Demonstrates a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using evidence to corroborate or qualify an argument.

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Shifting Power After 1900

Ethan Taylor

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